Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the worlds most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. The underlying idea is to quantify the activity by verbs while the descriptiveness of a text is represented by the proportion of adjectives. After all the election is the process to select one person. Check the links to the online resources (in Websites section) make sure that they are still working prior to giving out this assignment. SHAPIRO: You know, you say President Trump attacks people, and that's broadly true as a figure of speech. He's also changed the way political leaders talk. family, man, person, etc.). MERCIECA: Absolutely. Bushs speech to children in 1991, and Ronald Reagans speech to children in 1988. This research was supported, in part, by the NSF under Grant #200021_149665/1. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Walker (R)) while others have been ignored because they have played a minor role during the electoral campaign (e.g. Remind them to refer to the. They then draft two conclusions for their essay, select one, and reflect on what they have learned through the process. Trumps style appears, here too, as distinct from the others, providing his answers and comments around functional words. Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. In this table, one can see another interesting fact related to the frequencies of the pronouns we and I. Even if a long sentence is required, its length does not guarantee an easy understanding. Le discours des premiers ministres qubcois: 1960-2005. The Type-Token Ratio (TTR) or the relationship between the vocabulary size and the number of word types (Baayen, 2008) corresponds to our last global stylistic measure. South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Several factors influencing the style are therefore fixed. The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. To define an overall measurement of the style, various studies have proposed different measures. Bligh M., Merolla J., Schroedel J. R., Gonzalez R. Hewings A., Painter C., Polias J., Dare B., Rhys M. Marcus M. P., Santorini B., Marcinkiewicz M. A. OConnor B., Balasubramanyan R., Routledge B. R., Smith N. A. Slatcher R. B., Chung C. K., Pennebaker J. W., Stone L. D. Toutanova K., Klein D., Manning C., Singer Y. Wilson T., Hoffmann P., Somasundaran S., Kessler J., Wiebe J., Choi Y., Cardie C., Riloff E., Patwardhan S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 1. Once the speechwriter is identified, it is easier to find information on the speech. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. Choose from (a) Alfred Binet, (b) Howard Gardner, (c) Arthur Jensen, (d) Lewis Terman, (e) Robert Sternberg, and (f) David Wechsler. Unsurprisingly, the article the and the verb be (lemma of the word types am, is, are, was, etc.) The following remarks illustrate these aspects. stream Theres always a story behind the composition of the speech.). What rhetorical devices aided the authors manipulation of his audience? The fifth section visualizes the relative position of each candidate in stylistic and topical spaces. Usually Senators (e.g. Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. Explain. In the following sentences, one can also see two topics, usually more related to the Democrats, namely education, and health care reform. "Since rhetoric is the art of effective communication, its principles can be applied to many facets of everyday life" (Lamb 109). Reagan Challenger Speech Teaching Resources | TPT A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. Just considering the ten most frequent words, similar sets appearing with each candidate and the difference between them lies on their ranking as shown previously. In other words, the text P0 contains significantly more occurrences of the corresponding term than expected by a uniform distribution over the whole corpus. Like to punch him in the face, I'll tell you. Me and the Congress?). Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. The presence of a strong leader is usually accompanied with a real change in the style and vocabulary of governmental speeches (Labb and Monire, 2003; Savoy, 2015c). Using the LIWC system, Slatcher et al. These three speeches are President Barack Obamas speech to children in 2009, George H.W. The "Great Speeches Collection" from The History Place are available here in print and in audio. Nikki Giovanni's poem "The Funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr." is paired with Dr. King's "I Have a Dream" speech, taking students on a quest through time to the Civil Rights movement. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). I think that Joe Biden will be a much more responsible communicator than President Trump has been, and so we'll see if that sort of evens things out. Rhetorical Analysis: Nelson Mandela's Inagural Speech What Are Rhetorical Strategies? (With Examples) - Zippia As demonstrated previously, Trump opted for a simple and direct communication style, preferring short sentences with simple words. X European trade unionists The analysis of the style can be grounded on the relative frequencies of the different POS or grammatical categories. As in Figs 1 and 2 reveals two Republican groups with the same members as in Fig. is always the writer, and thats not always the case, so ask your students to check to see who wrote the speech. grounded on personal pronouns (Pennebaker, 2011)). From a lexical perspective, one can see the over-used term budget, usually more frequently used in governmental speeches than in the electoral ones. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Jennifer Mercieca, a historian of American political rhetoric, about how President Trump has changed the way Americans talk about politics, the government and each other. Among his most specific terms, one can see Mexico, and deal reflecting two of his main concerns (immigration, and commercial trade agreements). In addition, Table 4 reports the percentage of pronouns, names, conjunctions, and others forms (e.g. MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. Based on this perspective, the longest distance (0.251) connects Trump and OMalley, and the second longest (0.181) links Paul to OMalley. 3. Basic-level words tend to be short. On the other hand, OMalley shows the smallest Q-index value indicating more a text oriented toward description. Whether the speech is meant to inform, persuade, or entertain, it can be analyzed for its rhetorical intent. . This aspect could be related to her first years at the White House as an overqualified First Lady who wanted to play a principal role in politics (e.g. hierarchical clustering built on the complete link) to visualize the different groups of candidates according to their stylistic profiles. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. But more importantly, why? Discuss the audience and the authors manipulation of the audience. Ignoring the punctuation, the type the, is, or law each occur twice. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. Please complete the Lesson 11 assignment in a single Word document Table 2 reports the top ten most frequent lemmas for each selected candidate. SVM and nave Bayes) can be trained to classify congressional speeches according to political parties. For some people, she was even a crook and a liar, or, at least, dishonest (Sainato, 2016). Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. The method of analysis was to locate expressions where linguistic choices seem to have been made in order to convey certain views. And so you saw people sending pipe bombs to the media, you know, saying that Trump told them to do it. Rhetorical Analysis Thesis Teaching Resources | TPT Trump or Clinton). Who is Reagan's intended audience for this part of his speech? Despite the now-known election outcome, the candidates use of language during the primary season raises some pertinent research questions. PDF Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. In this figure, the distance between two candidates is indicated by the lengths of the lines connecting them. From George Washington to George W. Bush, Delta: a measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship, Testing the thematic concentration of text, Cutting the Gordian Knot: the moving-average type-token ratio (MATTR), The use of function word frequencies as indicators of style, Quantitative authorship attribution: an evaluation of techniques, Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts, Verbal Style and the Presidency. The Labbs measure (Labb, 2007) has however demonstrated its effectiveness in various authorship attribution problems such as in literary works (Labb and Labb, 2006), in historical newspaper articles (Savoy, 2013), or in political speeches (Savoy, 2015d). The sentence is longer that the MSL (18.3) for this candidate. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. This lesson has students explore freedom of speech by examining the Pledge of Allegiance from a historical and personal perspective and in relationship to fictional situations in novels. In common, one can find the terms people, or country. Applying this procedure, the term specificity can be computed according to the text P0. The remaining variations can be largely explained by the speaker. In this assignment, I will closely analyse the speech made by Earl Spencer for the funeral of . Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. For him, all appearances and comments on the media were an opportunity for self-promotion. By exploring myths and truths surrounding Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, students think critically about commonly believed stories regarding this famous speech from the Civil War era. PDF Presidential Rhetoric: Definition of a Field of Study (2003) describe a methodology to extract political positions from texts. Of course, one can raise the question of the speakers spontaneity because Donna Brazile, who worked for CNN, provided, at least once, prepared questions to Clinton before a debate. Finally, the champion in the usage of I is Trump who clearly has adopted a distinct style in the campaign, putting the light more on his ego. This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. Copyright 2021 NPR. Jennifer Mercieca studies American political rhetoric at Texas A&M University, and she's the author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". His answers contain more nouns and names adopting a more descriptive rhetoric. <> So the way you do it is you pass a tax plan like the tax plan I've introduced: a simple flat tax, 10 percent for individuals, and a 16 percent business flat tax, you abolish the IRS and here's the critical point, Maria, the business flat tax enables us to abolish the corporate income tax, the death tax, the Obamacare taxes, the payroll taxes, and they're border-adjustable, so every export pays no taxes whatsoever. (T. Cruz, 14 January 2016), And I'll tell you, Hugh you know, it's interesting now that Donald promises that he will appoint justices who who will defend religious liberty, but this is a man who, for 40 years, has given money to Jimmy Carter, to Joe Biden, to Hillary Clinton, to Chuck Schumer, to Harry Reid. (T. Cruz, 25 February 2016). To understand the difference between word type and token, consider the following sentence: the law is harsh, but it is the law. Another element of rhetorical analysis is simply reading and summarizing the text. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. The students will discuss their speeches and their research thus far. In this first example, the fiscal question appears with a proposition for a simple flat tax and in the second, an attack against Trump, but a religious concern appears also in the background. L3 Read Write - Rhetorical Analysis on Anne Hutchinson's Trial- Kassey O A person is attacked rather than an argument. Be sure that your students are familiar with rhetorical strategies, literary devices, SOAPS, tone, diction, etc. . From a stylistic point of view, the Republican cluster {Bush, Cruz, Rubio} is well separated from the second Republican group {Kasich, Trump, and with a smaller additional distance Paul} as well as for the Democrats {Clinton, OMalley, Sanders}. Steve Jobs Commencement Speech: Rhetorical Appeals. Both are preferring to repeat their arguments instead of introducing other subjects. The over-used terms and typical sentences associated with each candidate reveal their specific topics such as simple flat tax for Cruz, balanced budget for Kasich, negativity with Trump, or critiques against large corporations and Wall Street for Sanders. The Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). C) Loaded language is used to appeal to emotions. The appeal to political sentiment: An analysis of Donald Trump's and Hillary Clinton's speech themes and discourse strategies in the 2016 US presidential election. DyI3d\a W=? >26}?=#^j4dA]pT@/ k= QtdE{~OL_DoQ*V\H'9/hP^EI0mewZ. Cruz adopts an opposite style, focusing more on topical forms and expressions. With a positive Z score larger than a fixed threshold (e.g. Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . For all candidates, except for Cruz or Paul, the term people appears in the top four most frequent topical words. But each candidate wants to promote his/her own specific point of view on some issues, and must underline his differences with others. President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. A modern president must be able to use speech and rhetoric to his or her strongest advantage to anticipate, address or mediate crisis (Davis & Gardner, 2012). Tree-based graphs are more appropriate when displaying similarities between author profiles or stylistic affinities between works (Labb and Labb, 2006; Labb, 2007). A conclusion draws the main findings of this study. In a similar vein, Yu (2008) demonstrates that machine learning methods (e.g. O It calls attention to the urgency of the message. And so he'll say, you know, that's a dumb question. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. Go around to check and to monitor as students share their ideas and progress. Analysis and History of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address - Study.com As shown previously, the h-point is rather small, and thus, the words reflecting more the style (e.g. Great Speeches Assignment - COMM 1020: Public Speaking - Research On the bottom part, one can find the Democrats, with a shorter distance between Clinton and Sanders than with OMalley. To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. For example, from the sentence But I also know this problem is not going away, the POS tagger returns But/cc I/prp also/rb know/vbp this/dt problem/nn is/vbz not/rb going/vbg away/rb ./.. (2015) have proposed an h-point to measure the thematic concentration of a text. With a longer distance, one can find the team Rubio and Cruz, with Bush having some affinities with this pair. A Style of His Own: A Rhetorical Analysis of President Barack Obama's To define the lemma of each token, the part-of-speech (POS) tagger developed by Toutanova et al. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. Pine Creek Company completed 200,000 units during the year at a cost of $3,000,000. You will . identify an authors purposeful manipulation of language. When a question is discussed, the choice of the word can make the difference. Me and the workers? JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. Check your understanding of various theories on the nature of intelligence by matching the names of their originators with the brief descriptions of the given theory's main theme. 5. . The intensity of his ego can also be revealed by the fact that the most specific term in his dialogue is also the pronoun I (see Table 6). MERCIECA: It's been my pleasure. A Computer-based Analysis, Getting Started: Describing the Grammar of Speech and Writing, Quantitative analysis of US presidential inaugural addresses, Experiments on authorship attribution by intertextual distance in English. 8 25 Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) 1 depicts three main groups, one Democrat, and two Republicans. Students then evaluate the impact of the jobs/nns job/nn) or by substituting inflectional suffixes of verbs (e.g. The frequency table reveals that some lexical terms can appear before the h-point. Ask students to research the history of the speech. 10 Commonly Used Rhetorical Strategies (With Examples) NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty generalization? Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. Here's an example of a rhetorical essay introduction to a speech from president trump: Rhetorical Essay Introduction - Example. Analyzing Famous Speeches as Arguments | Read Write Think This is indicated when Trump scrutinizes Obama as a leader by . The personal pronouns are depicted in bold. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. No general theory specifies precisely the k value, but a value from 200 to 500 represents a pertinent choice justified by various studies (Savoy, 2015b). The candidates who stayed longer in this campaign have a clear preference for the I over the we. Preparation Historical Background and Context On January 20, 1961, a clerk of the US Supreme Court held the large Fitzgerald family Bible as John F. Kennedy took the oath of office to become the nation's 35th president. O to convince the audience that there are limited options. On the other hand, Clinton could want to accentuate the human aspect and uses in this case the word immigrants. Nearly everything we read and hear is an argument. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. endobj and appeals before you start. Students explore the "I Have a Dream" Foundation's website and brainstorm ways they can help themselves or others at their school achieve their educational dreams. That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. <> With the immigration issue for example, Trump prefers using the term immigration presenting this question more at an abstract level. On the other hand, OMalley or Cruz (TTR: 37.3) have opted for a larger coverage requiring a larger number of distinct words and phrases. The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. In this assignment you will: Compare and contrast two Presidential speeches . Those terms correspond to recurrent thematic words or expressions on which the author wants to insist. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The US 'war on terror', 20 years after 'mission accomplished' sad, worthless, cut, lost) and physical words (e.g. In this type of analysis, the object of analysis is mostly some kind of book, a movie, or any other type of creative work. Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches assignment <>/Metadata 515 0 R/ViewerPreferences 516 0 R>> Rhetorical Analysis Essay Two: Speeches by US Presidents Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is for you to write a rhetorical analysis of two speeches. (PDF) Persuasive Language in Presidential Speeches: A - ResearchGate Refer to recent elections, if possible, and/or bring in flyers and/or brochures. Single speeches. On the other hand, Bush, Paul, and, to a lesser extent, Cruz are closer to OMalleys PTC value, being able to present alternative formulations or covering more distinct subjects. The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. She did not like the press and the media and, in return, they do not like her much either. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides: Analysis Tool and Guides Each presidential speech is unique. Taking another strategy, one can use the h-point splitting the vocabulary into two parts. Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. The reason is, a writer studies rhetorical or persuasive techniques used by the author to influence his . %PDF-1.7 Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. None of these terms appears here. B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. Rhetoric can be defined as the ability to determine how to best communicate in a given situation. SHAPIRO: While this is out of the ordinary for a president, where have we seen this kind of language in the past? X American historians and educators. (They might be surprised at the answer. Moreover, Cruzs explanations tend to include more names (see Table 4), and many of them (IRS, Maria, Obamacare, Donald, Carter, Biden, ) occur in these examples. Presidents are also using very frequently the words government, world, and the adjectives free, great, or new. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). A relatively high LD percentage indicates a more complex text, containing more information. On 20th, January in the year 2009, he took an oath of office as the 44th president of America. Scholar Sonja K. Foss indicates the use of rhetoric is to communicate with one another in order to persuade, to facilitate understanding, to encourage change, and to tell us what reality is (Foss, 6). Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. Analyzing Historical Presidential Inaugural Addresses | C-SPAN Classroom With Trump and Clinton, one can find also relatively high PTC values compared to the other candidates. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. Rhetorical Analysis Of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address . Usually, a longer sentence is more complex to understand, especially in the oral communication form. (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). A Text Analysis of the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election Campaign Speeches It includes:- a copy of President Ronald Reagan's "Challenger" speech with numbered paragraphs- a graphic organizer that asks students to identify SOAPSTone and Ethos, Pathos, and Logos elements (along with the scaffolding of paragraph numbers to return to)- a key to the graphic organizer- an open ended question prompt for formative or summative Read the excerpt from Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. She was a Puritan woman who was outspoken about her beliefs and challenged the authority of the male-dominated Puritan church. The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. This activity could happen as part of the prewriting process or after essays have been completed. How? These personality measurements were in agreement with different opinion polls. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. So, you know, a typical president would sit down with a reporter and answer questions. Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. specifically the only three presidential speeches that have been designed for children. Moreover, the first and last examples tackle one of the recurrent topics for the Democrat, for which the terms college, university, and tuition are specific in Sanders rhetoric.
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