The Moholi bushbaby is native to the mesic woodlands of the Southern Afrotropics. Appropriate training for personnel should be provided. Females often stay with their mothers longer. The Effect of the Male Bush Dog - Oxford Academic American Zoo and Aquarium Association Minimum Husbandry hVo0W=N8Rm&j:CF=ZN 2YJ#DpBX|G!QAAGXC$|" .i@$#\{W/:6@_Pr7z"7Eo+G8RiYcm8wUxToB(fk+NnmG\DTxNKS]j'pI,*Ix\>CQ0aJ'*^?4>[mE$Y:YYlJmK(WIfY.bp|i2`^ L.-4Htm7N*:_)}*'iYeRx@|Kj 3+jdrR %O(ZC-xozFQ s5RJE;Nix70(r}F`O^o@n;B Food must be available in amounts sufficient to provide for normal growth, and maintenance of normal body weight, reproduction, and lactation. Guidelines are offered to guide the veterinary practitioner in designing a comprehensive, individualized wellness plan for each stage of a dog's life. husbandry 1987). The bush dog's ability to raise young successfully throughout the year could be linked to its high sociality and cooperative hunting. This study was the Ph.D. dissertation of KED, who was supported by Saint Louis University Biology Teaching and Research Assistantships, a Claire-Booth Luce Fellowship, and a Saint Louis University Dissertation Fellowship. Example two: Practice temperature taking by simply touching the tail and treating, several times. This is in contrast to males of species in which females have restricted breeding seasons and male reproductive parameters vary seasonally, with testosterone and sperm production declining or ceasing outside of the reproductive season (Asa and Valdespino 1998). Proper ventilation removes heat, dampness, odor, airborne microbes, and pollutant gases such as ammonia and carbon monoxide, while allowing for the introduction of fresh air. WebHusbandry Regulated procedures Housing Small, stable groups should be formed. For the 17 completed estrous cycles, the duration of sustained fecal progestin elevation varied significantly (t = 2.33, d.f. VerminA program to control, eliminate, and prevent infestation by vermin is required. WebThere are a number of pieces of legislationand codes of practice which deal with thehusbandry and care of dogs (see Appendix 1).Although the various guidelines all and does constitute the use of land for agriculture within the meaning of R.C. Animals housed outdoors should have access to shelter from the elements. 1997; Nowak and Paradiso 1983; Porton et al. Data were log-transformed to meet assumptions of the test. Dams are usually first weighed at ~ 3 weeks post-partum. bnt 3 live. Animals must be observed and cared for by qualified personnel every day. Reproductive data from males.Significant positive correlations were found for fecal androgen levels, both in the presence and absence of a female. 1993). During baby watch, check baby cage in the AM when white lights are on. Such multiple, sequential estrous cycles have not been observed m any other canids to date (Table 1). Males appear to fall into two distinct mating strategy groups, larger and more dominant males who monopolize females with repeated matings and smaller males who are more opportunistic. In general, bushbabies are small, woolly, long-tailed primates with mobile, oversized naked ears (Kingdon 2004). Split the diet in 2 portions with the first portion fed at 12 PM just before lights out and the second fed as late in the day as possible. 1998; Strahl et al. Webbush stone-curlew husbandry manual. It is acceptable to give the mother extra veggies, fruit, or juice in a shallow bowl on the day she delivers. WebAbstract. 86-23. of Practice for the Husbandry of . Reproduction, growth and parental care in crab-eating foxes, Management and breeding of maned wolves at the National Zoological Park, Washington, Histora natural ediar: mamiferos Sud-americanos, Reproduction in captive and wild dingoes (, Endocrinology of canine estrous cycles, pregnancy and parturition, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Theriogenology, Veterinary Clinics of North American: Small Animal Practice, An examination of the reproductive physiology of the bush dog (, Preliminary tests of a new reversible male contraceptive in bush dogs (, Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (, Beobachtungen zur Geburt und natrlichen Aufzucht von Waldhunden (, Ferro de grulleiro, der Sdamerikanische Waldhundein Rtsel fr die Hundeforschung, The northern Neotropics: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, The central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Mantel tests: spatial structure in field experiments, Design and analysis of ecological experiments, Social organization of African wild dogs (, Asdell's pattems of mammalian reproduction: a compendium of species-specific data, On the breeding and rearing of bush dogs at Frankfurt Zoo, Observations on the breeding of the bush dog (, Ecology and evolution in the South American canids, Time-lapse infared videography for animal behavior observations, A longitudinal study of delayed reproductive success in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (, Steroid metabolism and validation of noninvasive endocrine monitoring in the African wild dog (, Canadian Journal of Zoology/Review Canadian Zoology, Bush dog urine-marking: its role in pair formation and maintenance, Aseasonality of bush dog reproduction and the influence of social factors on the estrous cycle, Vol. The current analysis of data from captive bush dogs was important when interpreting the results from the Speothos venaticus Survey, because the analysis showed the importance of considering the number of females and births represented at each latitude, because a small sample size may inaccurately suggest seasonal reproduction. Dijferences dependent on male or female presence.The overall statistical design of the study was a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with presence of the male or female as the main treatment (Underwood 1997). The guidelines in the husbandry manual benefit the subspecies in a number of ways. %%EOF Housing and husbandry.Animals were housed indoors, with temperatures maintained between 15.6C and 29.4C (X = 25.4C, n = 135,541 total measurements with temperature recorded every 10 min for the 27 study months) and exposed to natural light from skylights and windows. 150-250 grams with males being the heaviest. Waste storage areas should be separate from animal housing areas and be kept free of vermin. Medications and treatments must only be administered under the advice of or in accordance with written protocols provided by a veterinarian, and all drugs must be dispensed in accordance with federal and state regulations. Sick or injured animals must receive veterinary care promptly. Bush Stone-Curlew Husbandry Manual - DocsLib STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #520 DOG Bode, Z. Tang-Martinez, and T. Valone. They have large, orange, fixed eyes and posses the largest ears, proportionally to body size, of all primates. The mature bush dog also has been reported to have the ability to reproduce a 2nd time within a year if a litter is lost or removed from the mother (Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. They may make their own, open-topped nest, or take over an uninhabited bird nest, mat of foliage, or tree hollow. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 7.8%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 3 separate internal controls were 7.6%, 6.1%, and 7.4%. Webwhere is the cullinan diamond support@missionbadlaav.com; clara schumann: piano trio in g minor program notes Menu. Similar studies are needed for many canid species to allow us to make comparative analyses across Canidae. Differences dependent on male or female presence.For females, there was a strong positive effect of male presence on fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, and vulva index (repeated-measures ANOVA, P < 0.0001). We hypothesized that the presence of a mature female bush dog would have an effect on the reproductive condition of the adult male. WebManuals This Husbandry Manual Register is in two parts; 1. NoiseActivities that create noise with the potential to cause stress should be minimized and conducted away from animal housing. Fecal progestins were measured using the Progesterone Active DSL-3900 (Diagnostic System Laboratories; Lukas et al. NEZS Chester Zoo, Kate Edge and Francesca Ankers.Published 2018, AZA Tapir Taxon Advisory GroupPublished 2013, Manual Para Cuidado De Tapires(Spanish language version of ACM), EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Pygmy Hippopotamus, F. von Houwald, C. Wenker, G. Flacke, B. Steck, R. Osterballe, R. Viduna, and A. Matthews.Published 2020, Compiled by Paul Vercammen & Kim HabetsBreeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife Sharjah, UAE Published 2006, Lara Metrione and Adam EyresPublished 2014, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the White Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Black Rhinoceros, Dr. Mark Pilgrim and Rebecca BiddlePublished 2020, Antelope, Cattle, Giraffid, and Camelid TAG, Giraffe Training Workshop - June 4-7, 2023, Giraffe Private Owner Workshop - Oct 1-4, 2023. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Finally, Porton et al. They are gray, brown, or reddish to yellowish brown, with large eyes and ears, long hind legs, soft, woolly fur, and long tails. (Gron, 2008). Subtle behavioral changes such as decreased appetite or activity or reluctance to train in expectant females may be a sign of impending labor or a sign of problems with labor or delivery. These findings indicate that mature female bush dogs differ from peripubertal females studied by Porton et al. Search for other works by this author on: Zoo-Logic, LLC, 7216 Delfield Street, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA (DGK), Pubertythe first estrous cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant beagles, The ovary and reproductive cycle of the dog, Guidelines for the capture, handling, and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists, Hormonal and experiential factors in the expression of social and parental behavior in canids, Evidence for induced ovulation in Channel Island gray foxes (, Canid reproductive biology: an integration of proximate mechanisms and ultimate causes, Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum, Evolution of large canids in South America, Anais II Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Ontogeny of social behaviour related to feeding in the crab-eating fox (. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES - University of An individual record should be prepared for each animal. The following taxon-specific documents are a valuable resource in the husbandry and care of ungulates. The following are general guidelines for the proper care and humane treatment of animals in nonagricultural facilities, such as humane societies, municipal animal control agencies, pet stores, boarding kennels, dog training establishments, grooming facilities, dealers, and veterinary hospitals and clinics. FemaleG. moholiexhibit estrus swellings and do not have synchronized fertility. Two nest boxes are provided, including nest material (paper towel strips, paper strips, fleece squares, bamboo, mimosa or pine boughs). 1979; Hayssen et al. First, nonparametric measures of association (SAS Institute Inc. 1996) were used to determine whether there were correlations among the 3 female variables associated with male presence. 15.23), and the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) hunt in To minimize measuring error, each dimension was measured twice and averaged. 15.21), the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) (Fig. WebFat-tailed Dwarf Lemur Husbandry Guidelines; Lesser Bush Baby Husbandry Guidelines; Mongoose Lemur Husbandry Guidelines; Ring-tailed Lemur Husbandry Week 1 of birth: weigh at days 3 and 6 of birth (or as directed). Vulvar measurements.In preparation for data collection, the 4 females were trained, using operant conditioning, to stand for vulvar measurements. hbbd``b`j@ H0 _v$ 3N First, we hypothesized that mature female bush dogs have aseasonal reproductive cycles separated by periods of anestms and that the occurrence of cycles requires the physical presence of a male, defined as direct, un-obstructed physical access (i.e., direct tactile, olfactory, visual. The arrow indicates 27 March 2002, the date of male-female introductions. The strength of this small-bodied canid and cooperative hunting allow it not only to capture a variety of small prey (e.g., a variety of snakes, Azara's agoutis [Dasyprocta azarae], and nine-banded armadillos [Dasypus novemcinctus]Beccaceci 1994; Peres 1991), but also prey many times their body size (e.g., brockets [Mazama], capy-baras [Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris], pacas (Agouti paca), and South American tapirs [Tapirus terrestris]Beccaceci 1994; Deutsch 1983; Peres 1991; Strahl et al. These findings support the contention that the female bush dog's reproductive cycle can at least to some extent adapt to circumstances, unlike those species that are constrained to a strictly seasonal breeding pattern. Amazon.com Wishlist Send a Lemur a Present! Remove or separate the sire (this may mean shifting the sire to an adjacent cage or moving him out to a different area entirely). Staff should be familiar with the dynamics within home pen groups, in order to be able to change the groups if and auditory stimulation from the male) to induce estms. Animals and personnel must be protected from noxious agents. It is difficult to interpret these resuhs because of insufficient comparative data for the preintroduction period. BeddingBedding should be appropriate, free of toxic chemicals or other substances that could injure animals or personnel, and of a type not easily eaten by animals. However, these documents are not current and may not reflect recent advancements in husbandry knowledge or current best practices. Pseudopregnancy.Although the duration of fecal progestin elevation in female bush dogs differed significantly depending on whether a male was present or absent, both approximated the length of bush dog gestation (X = 67 days, range = 6270 daysDmoch 19992000) and so support the hypothesis that the female bush dog has an obligate pseudopregnancy independent of male presence. The within-individuals factor was nested, which allowed for increased power in the main treatment effect contrast. Asa and Valdespino 1998; Brady 1978; Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. Asa 1996, 1998; Asa and Valdespino 1998; Concannon 1986; Hayssen et al. Waste cans or containers must be cleaned and sanitized frequently. Husbandry Guidelines Natural History and Physical Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (KED, UP, CSA), Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA (KED). There was a decrease in the mean time interval between significant changes of both fecal progestins and vulva index when a male was present (nonparametric univariate autocorrelations correlograms; fecal progestins = 5.24.2 months, n = 3; and vulva index = 5.53.7 months, n = 3). Red-flanked duiker Husbandry Best Practices. To better detect hormone pattems against background variability, a moving average (period = mean of 3 samples) was used to plot the data (Corel Corporation Limited 1997). A total of 13 sightings of infants, juveniles. In this study we focused on characterizing the reproductive cycle of the female bush dog by considering the pattern of gonadal hormone secretion, the number of estrous cycles per year, presence or absence of a seasonal pattern, and influence of the male's presence on the female reproductive cycle or reproductive characteristics. Dog Husbandry We thank R. Dmoch (Intemational Studbook Keeper and European Endangered Species Programme Coordinator for bush dogs), S. Silber and K. Lenahan from the Infertility Center of St. Louis, T. Bettinger, G. Camilo, W. Jchle, the World Conservation Union Canid Specialist Group, and the respondents to the Speothos venaticus Distribution and Status Questionnaire for their critical assistance and advice on many aspects of the project. Based on data from domestic dogs, if the duration of the progesterone elevation is similar in fertile and infertile cycles, then the life spans of the corpora lutea are equal and the female is either pregnant or pseudopregnant (Concannon 1984; Jchle 1987). The following are general guidelines for the proper care and humane treatment of animals in nonagricultural facilities, such as humane societies, municipal animal control WebThe dogs chase the prey until it tires, and at times they will disembowel the prey while it is still running. This flexibility in the female's reproductive cycle may be associated with the lack of seasonality in such a broad prey base, that is, ability to obtain sufficient food throughout the year despite seasonal changes in availability of certain prey items. Waste cans should be leak-proof and have tight-fitting lids. Husbandry Guidelines Controlling for male presence and using the Euclidean geometric distance, distance matrices for the 3 females at each of the 3 variables (fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, and vulva index) were generated. Play opportunities and enrichment should be provided on a regular basis. 1987; Rosenberg 1971; Valdespino et al. Height:5.1 to 7.8 in (male & female) We used nonparametric Mantel univariate correlations (R-Package [v 4.0.6] Legendre et al. Data are reported on presence of an obligate pseudopregnancy (i.e., the duration of the progesterone elevation is similar in fertile and infertile cycles, indicating that life spans of the corpora lutea are equal), which species have been reported to have the typical canid reproductive cycle defined by a true anestrus (i.e., period in which the ovaries are quiescent between each breeding cycle) separating the end of the luteal-lactation phase in one estrous cycle from the start of the subsequent estrous cycle, number of estrous cycles per year, presence or absence of a seasonal pattern, and whether there is any male influence on reproductive cycle. Food and/or water may be temporarily withheld at the direction of an attending veterinarian. Excessive noise should be minimized by training staff and by use of appropriate equipment and facilities. Attend topical CE meetings on subjects including animal welfare, wellbeing, economics, and public policy. 1981). bush dog husbandry guidelines 1). Unlike the vasectomy procedure typically used in domestic and exotic camivores that involves cautery of both ends of the vas deferens, removal of a section of the vas deferens, or both, the open-ended vasectomy leaves the distal (testicular) end of the vas deferens open to allow leakage, resulting in a pressure-relieving granuloma, and cauterizes the proximal (abdominal) end of the vas deferens, providing an effective seal that prevents spontaneous recanalization and failure of the vasectomy (Silber 1977; Silber and Grotjan 2004). (Please see section on weights for more detailed info). Animals should be protected from extreme temperatures so as to maintain their health and render their environment comfortable. It is acceptable to give the mother extra veggies, fruit, or juice in a shallow bowl on the day she delivers. With the female in hand, usually during the white light phase of their day, you will notice if the vulva is open or closed. If recirculating systems or other energy-recovery devices are used, these systems must be adequately maintained. WebDOG HUSBANDRY SOP 520.01 Dog Husbandry Page 1 of 3 1. WebDOG HUSBANDRY SOP 520.01 Dog Husbandry Page 1 of 3 1. 1987) and suggests that the bush dog is a highly social species that lives in extended family groups (Kleiman 1972; Macdonald 1996) and hunts in packs (Bridges 1954). Extra food enrichment is not used with this species; however, we often use their diets in different ways as enrichment. 2002). 1998. Catling P. C Corbett L. K. Newsome A. E.. DeMatteo K. E. Silber S. Porton I. J. Lenahan K. Junge R. Asa C. S.. Frame L. H. Malcolm J. R. Frame G. W. Van Lawick H.. Hayssen V. Van Tienhoven A. Increase the dam's diet by 50% on the day infants are discovered (or suspected). We also utilize different enrichment techniques and tools to encourage natural feeding behaviors. When a breeding pair has been introduced it is important to check the female for cycling on a regular basis. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 3. The date that data collection ended for each pair is reported. ` = ZooLex Exhibit - Bush Dogs The bush dog (Speothos venaticus), listed as Vulnerable (World Conservation Union 2003), is a small canid from Central and South America whose status, distribution, and ecological requirements are poorly understood (Eisenberg 1989; Eisenberg and Redford 1999; Redford and Eisenberg 1992; Wilson and Reeder 1993). The reproduction of mature females is not fixed to a single rigid breeding season and births occur throughout the year. The male Mounted the female on an average of 42 days (range = 289 days, n = 7 estrous cycles). Frequent changes to the group should be avoided. Therefore, as reported in domestic dogs and most other canids (Anderson and Simpson 1973; Asa 1998; Concannon 1986; Jchle 1987), our results indicated that bush dogs are spontaneous and not induced ovulators. 1987; Velloso et al. Room air should not be recirculated unless it has been properly treated. Fl was maintained on a daily diet of IAMS Beef and Rice and IAMS Lamb and Rice canned food (The IAMS Company, Dayton, Ohio) because of skin problems suspected to be related to diet. Additional physiological data are needed to determine if male reproduction resembles that of females in lack of a rigid breeding season. When she does, quietly peek into the box to confirm if infants are present. This immediate effect of the male was suspected in other behavioral studies with captive bush dogs that reported short latencies from pair formation to 1st estrus (range = 526 days from male introduction to initiation of estrus, n = 5Kitchener 1971; Porton et al. DEMATTEO 5 reversible male contraceptive in bush dogs (Speothos venaticus): open-ended vasectomy and microscopic reversal. Husbandry Guidelines Flooring material should not flex under weight, should accommodate footing and resting off of open metal floors, and may have perforations large enough to allow only moisture to pass through. This effect appeared to begin with the introduction of a male to a mature, cycling female. Effect of the male on the female s reproductive cycle.In addition to having an effect on the duration of the sustained fecal progestin elevation, male presence significantiy reduced the interestrous interval, or cycle length (i.e., from the 1st significant fecal progestin increase of one cycle to 1st increase of the next). Mating behavior.Confirmed Copulatory Locks, seen in 4 of the 7 estrous cycles reviewed for behavior, always occurred after the initial fecal progestin increase (X = 3.75 days, SD = 2.75 days, range = 17 days; Fig. The 3rd estrous cycle with neither confirmed nor possible Copulatory Locks (F4) had the highest number of Mounts (n = 459) in a single estrous cycle. Responsiveness of the female cycle to deviations from the norm also was noted in females whose pups were less than 4 months of age when pups died or were removed, In these cases, interbirth intervals were significantly shorter (mean latency to postparturn estrus = day 171, n = 11) than if pups had remained with the female (range = 80115 days, n = 5Porton et al. There was an increase in the mean number of peaks for both fecal progestins and vulva index during the time a male was present compared to when he was absent (fecal progestins = 1.52 peaks, n = 3; and vulva index = 11.7 peaks, n = 3). Please move carefully into and out of the room. Females often give birth to a single offspring at their first pregnancy, then produce twins in subsequent litters. hb```f``e`d`Z @f A =-%Q 2'`Hp`h`@H10{0d`t{W?.Di]@,0g0 e Some prefer to sleep in tree hollows whileothers may use old bird's nests, unoccupied beehives, and can use more than a dozen different sleeping sites within its home range during a year (Bearder & Doyle 1974a). Animal Welfare Act, as amended, including the accompanying regulations. 2. Opportunistic sightings of bush dogs alone, in pairs, or in groups ranging from several to hundreds of individuals (Bates 1944; Beccaceci 1994; Cabrera and Yepes 1940; Deutsch 1983; Husson 1978; Peres 1991; Strahl et al. Animals.The 8 adult bush dogs (4 females and 4 males; Table 2 Dmoch 2004), used in this study were born in captivity and housed socially, that is, housed with parents or littermates or both, in European zoos before arrival at the Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri (3845N, 9015W). Husbandry Guidelines 2004). honduras female names; sofitel moorea vs hilton moorea. Study design.The study was divided into 2 phases. Because of variability within the data, a progressive Bonferroni correction was applied to the P-value for Moran's I for a conservative interpretation of significance. Standards for AAHA Hospitals, American Animal Hospital Association, PO Box 150899, Denver, Colorado 80215. Sharp edges and broken wires must be eliminated, floors must be kept in good condition, and deteriorating equipment must be refurbished or replaced. None were significant only when the male was present. In addition, a nonparametric univariate autocorrelation (R-Package [v 4.0.6]Legendre et al. Webbush dog husbandry guidelines. The fact that confirmed Copulatory Locks were not seen in females both with and without medical conditions suggests that the results for Fl were due to individual variation and not her medical condition. They are one of the smallest primates and have a soft, yet thick, coat of greyish brown fur. bush dog husbandry guidelines This study determined that mature female bush dogs differ from peripubertal females in their reproductive cycle. The 2nd estrous cycle without a confirmed Copulatory Lock (F1) had 4 possible Copulatory Locks and one of the highest number of Mounts (n = 329). Food containers must be sanitized frequently. Around 10 months the young reach sexual maturity at which point males will emigrate. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes routine husbandry procedures for dogs. Low scores (unformed, loose, diarrhea, etc) may indicate digestive upset, malabsorption, and/or possible hydration issues. 519.01. . 675], F3, and F4), with the latter 2 samples occurring after study completion. Aye-aye Pod: The Official Podcast of the DLC, Overview: Madagascar Conservation Programs. Porton et al. When possible, relatively nontoxic compounds (e.g., boric acid) or drying substances (e.g., amorphous silica gel) should be used to control insects. Individual animals should be identified in a consistent and recordable manner (e.g., tags, cage cards, microchips, tattoos). In captivity, this species is most often housed with related female pairs, breeding pairs or dams and their offspring. The first 2 estrous cycles for each pair were analyzed, with the exception of F1, who died after only 1 cycle. Bushbabies are nocturnal and spend their nights resting (4.5%), traveling (25%), foraging (63.9%), engaged in social activities (5.9-18%) and in other activities (0.6%) (G. moholi) (Doyle & Bearder 1977; Nekaris & Bearder 2007). Although it cannot be determined conclusively whether either of these medical conditions affected reproduction, the fact that both of these cycles had fecal progestin levels indicative of ovulation suggest that the females were not affected until their conditions were well advanced. 2002). Latitudes ranged from 7N59.5N (n = 42 zoos) to 20S29S (n = 6 zoos); they were summarized in 10 increments (e.g., 11N20N, 21N30N) for ease of viewing. capturing this data will give you the best estimation of a due date. US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care, Riverdale, Maryland 20737.
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