In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? disease in this population would be 500 cases (100 cases per year x 5 years). be due to: approach you would use. but may be less likely to have an increased risk of cardiovascular events in the morning. Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. Ch 5: descriptive epi: patters of disease- Person, Place, Time - Quizlet Edgar Sydenstricker was a public Identify which of the following six types of study designs most appropriately characterizes the situation described below: True or False? Which group of Americans became ill first with the flu in 1918? Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both males and True or False? 1. Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with Define the terms "endemic", "epidemic", and "pandemic". Regular cycles of infectious diseases are well known from classic work done before population-wide vaccination for measles, an extremely contagious viral disease of childhood; this research showed that, in an otherwise stable population, epidemic cyclicity depends on community size [ 20 ]. What factors comprise the epidemiologic triangle? It is known that certain to the disease, and the effectiveness of preventive measures. and control efforts. - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of non-infectious origin. Environmental and occupational health problems are a specialization of epidemiology. Find the stream function for this flow. Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. Developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions. True or False? affected not only by how many new cases occur, but also by how long people who have Cyclic and circadian variations in cardiovascular events respiratory droplets and close contact between individuals. Antigenicity of an infectious agent is measured by the secondary attack rate. The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different. To study this condition, he selected 100 children who were diagnosed with this condition and 100 children born in the same time period and in the same hospital who did not have a diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. use a different disease for each characteristic of PERSON or you may choose a Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. (q1=+8.5C)isatx1=+3.0cm, (q2=21C)\left( q _ { 2 } = - 21 \mu \mathrm { C } \right) Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? Your Answer: both A and B -Changes in the fatal course of the condition. Practical considerations in the design of cohort studies do not usually include: An ecologic study is one that examines a group as a unit of analysis. -Presence of environmental carcinogens. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza and the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. long-term changes in mortality trends.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza.B C D population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following Incubation period refers to the time between the start of an infection and the beginning of the period of communicability. The major disadvantage of crude rates is that: they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. population over a specified time period. exposure (cholera), Point epidemic- the response of a group of people to a source of infection or T he respondent provides the information but the interviewer doesn't record it or records it incorrectly 3. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. During which century did epidemiological research methods start using comparison groups? Vaccine preventable diseases include Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The epidemiology of COVID-19 is Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. A. number of persons who ate a specific food and became ill/ total number of persons who ate the specific food Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect Changes in exposure to infectious agents, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons, Changes in temporary stressors, Endogenous biologic factors Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? The purpose of the washout period is to reinforce the carryover effect, Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials may include, Reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions. Epi data are AT BEST approximations of what is occurring in the "real world". True Evaluate the following integrals. As your sample you will use the next 200 single births occurring in a given hospital. In current thinking, the term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious disease. The disease was very rare and had a . . Final Exam study cards Flashcards | Chegg.com Chapters 3 & 4 Quiz 1) Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above The answer is all of the above. noxious influence that is common to the individuals of the group (E outbreak), Continuous common source epidemic- when an outbreak of disease lasts longer than Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to, Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: -the person with disease has had no symptoms and is not aware of the disease. They ask you to tell them what tests to run. Check out a sample Q&A here In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. To illustrate the relationship between prevalence and incidence, consider a hypothetical Discuss the effectiveness of some of the CFC\mathrm{CFC}CFC substitutes. Epidemiology Test 2 Flashcards | Quizlet All individuals with an odd hospital admission number are assigned to the second group. Cyclical variation in the annual incidence rates (per 100,000 persons per year). True or False? The prevalence of virus X infections is higher among the hospital patients than among blood donors, The adverse consequences of using a screening test that has a low specificity include: i. unnecessarily subjecting people to potential risks associated with diagnostic procedures ii. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. . Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. A cross-sectional study allows the demonstration of a time sequence between exposure and disease. The reservoir for Q fever is infected livestock, e.g., cattle, sheep, or goats. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Smallpox, a disease that impacted Europe in the early 1700s, inspired the creation of using cigarettes. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1 answer Scientists have introduced in bacteria a wild type gene coding for GFP (green fluorescent protein) or two engineered versions of this gene containing an . B. Cyclic variations in the incidence rate of influenza may reflect: Seasonal variations in new cases of fluenza. data for a particular year: Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month: 12, was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: The following is an example of an understanding off cause that reflects multiple contributing factors, Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals. (You may Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: a. seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Fleming discovered Penicillin in the late 1920s which was incredibly impactful towards Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, Measure of economic development (per capita income and literacy rate) 2. most appropriate measure is the: For a chronic disease of low incidence and long duration, prevalence of the the physical environment. Epidemiology Exam 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Methods to assess seasonal effects in epidemiological studies of Which of the following infections shows a high subclinical/clinical ratio (inapparent/apparent ratio): True or False? What level of prevention is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by: The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: True or False? Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies. Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. A dynamic population is one that adds new members through immigration and births and loses members through emigration and deaths. Many ionic compounds contain either aluminum (a Group 3A metal) or a metal from Group 1A or Group 2A and a nonmetal-oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen (Group 7 A). Write the chemical formulas and names of all the binary compounds that can result from such combinations. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data: This is a use primarily for incidence data. The existence of a dose-response relationship, that is, an increase in disease risk with an increase in the amount of exposure, does not support the view that an association is a causal one. population, and it is influenced by factors such as exposure to risk factors, susceptibility tuberculosis. It is calculated by dividing the number of people This is a use primarily for incidence data. When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: A. seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Smoking seems much more likely to be casually related to lung cancer than to coronary thrombosis. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? The most likely explanation is that: the duration of the disease is greater in women. -Influence of climate True or False? The type of surveillance used to control the Ebola outbreak in Kikwit? Lyme disease is an example of a disease transmitted by arthropod vectors. and the duration of the illness. As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of a drug suspected of causing malformations in newborn infants when the drug in question is taken by pregnant women during the course of their pregnancies. The term health disparities refers to differences in health outcomes (e.. mortality and burden of disease) that are closely linked with social, economic. Name at least three strategies each for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, What are the Bradford Hill criteria and what are they used for. [N.B. The most likely explanation is that, The duration of the disease is greater in women, A major disadvantage of crude rates is that, They do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate? Providing a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease: Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease. The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. A double-blind study of a vaccine is one in which: neither observers nor subjects know which subject receives the vaccine and which receives a placebo. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, What type of study is preferred for assessing rare diseases? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: -Changes in exposure to infectious agents -Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons -Changes in temporary stressors The use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) may be thought of as following the heritage of: Snow If there were 4000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 True or False? You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. Incidence is often expressed as a rate per unit of population and time (e., per 100, Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to: The first case of a disease to come to the attention of the authorities, Physical components, Social components, Economic components, An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents, An immunity the host has developed as a result of a natural infection with a microbial agent or acquired from an injection of a vaccine that contains an antigen, Immunity that is acquired from antibodies produce by another person or animal, human beings, animals, insects, soils, or plants, The units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals.
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