Each student became an expert on one aspect of the overall project and had to teach it to the other members of the group. What is the difference between gerrymandering and Redistricting? 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. This can lead to a false sense of confidence in our ability to predict future events. c. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines hindsight bias as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.". This example most clearly illustrates: Sherif and his colleagues studied a group of 11-year-old boys in a: a summer camp located at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma. Not surprisingly, ethnocentric thinking contributes to the formation of negative stereotypes about other cultures whose customs differ from our own. In new growth theory, the source of economic growth is ________. Having volunteered to participate in a experiment, Milgram's subjects arrived at the lab with the mental expectation that they would obediently follow the directions of the person in chargethe experimenter. Categorizing the prisoners in this way allowed the guards to dehumanize the detainees, who were seen as subhuman. Overconfidence bias is the tendency to overestimate one's knowledge and abilities. In other words, deliberately categorizing people. Hindsight is 20/20 The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." Explanation: Hindsight bias: In psychology, the term hindsight bias refers to the tendency of a person to overestimate his or her ability to predict a particular outcome that couldn't perhaps have been predicted. They also accepted compensation on their arrival, which may have increased their sense of having made a commitment to cooperate with the experimenter. All Rights Reserved. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Conformity is adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation. Brentwood Elementary Staff, According to your textbook, the two key research areas in social psychology are: As a student majoring in psychology, Hannah is interested in how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes. in-groups and out-groups in forming stereotypes: Prejudice: A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would have known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would have been . b. British monetary authorities announce that they feel the pound has been driven too low by currency speculators relative to the dollar. "Weve been together for two years, and he usually "Ill make sure that you are always sexually satisfied."c. Why do people often resort to blaming the victim? When police finally found her and the details of her captivity were widely publicized, some observers publicly questioned why the girl never tried to escape or get the attention of the police. Finally, the learner never appealed directly to the teacher to stop shocking him. When Eileen told her father that someone had stolen her new cell phone at school,he said that she should have known better than to take her phone to school. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. In combination, stereotypes and in-group/out-group bias form the cognitive basis for prejudicial attitudes. Person perception is an active, subjective process that always occurs in some interpersonal context. Hindsight is 20/20. the atrocities were committed because the Germans had become unusually cruel, sadistic. c. in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics. C) outgroup homogeneity. The text book defines _____ as behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval. The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.". Gen. Psyc. Study Guide - Chapter 11 Flashcards | Quizlet In the case of blaming the victim, hindsight bias makes it seem as if the victim should have been able to predictand preventwhat happened. Which of the following is NOT a common attributional bias or explanatory pattern? Hindsight bias is the tendency: A) in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributingtheir behavior to internal, personal characteristics. hindsight bias, the tendency, upon learning an outcome of an eventsuch as an experiment, a sporting event, a military decision, or a political electionto overestimate one's ability to have foreseen the outcome. 151. Self-Serving Bias: b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. a. Wikipedia explains hindsight bias as: "Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. All Rights Reserved. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of: The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external situation factors; an attribution bias that is common to individualistic cultures . The three components are as follows: (1) a cognitive component: your thoughts and conclusions about a given topic or object, (2) an emotional or affective component, and (3) a behavioral component, in which attitudes are reflected in action. As a result, the M1 money multiplier was below 1 for most of the time from October 2008 through 2011. we are more attracted to people whom we perceive as being like usin physical characteristics, personality traits, attitudes, and even psychological health. Define the terms prejudice, stereotypes, and stereotype threat, and explain the role of social categories i.e. This example most clearly illustrates: to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having some how caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it. The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: . The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called A) ingroup bias. A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or psychology. C. the persistent want for a higher standard of living, D. an ever increasing growth rate of capital per hour of labor. Andrea is participating in a replication of one of Milgram's obedience experiments, in which the 40 subjects are all female. The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. Basic Guiding Principals of Perception: (1) Your reactions to others are determined by your perceptions of them, not by who they really are, (2) Your self-perception also influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions, (3) Your goals in a particular situation determine the amount and kinds of information you collect about others, and (4) In every situation, you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act. As a result, speakers tend to overestimate the clarity of their message while listeners tend to overestimate their understanding of ambiguous messages. Therefore, the scientific attitude including the sense of humility decreases with the hindsight bias. True or False, which of the following attitudes is associated with taking responsibility for your own pleasure? Thus, we often rely on the reactions of others to help us define a situation and guide our response to it. review quiz chapter 11 Flashcards | Chegg.com Children in the jigsaw classrooms benefited in several areas. (5) The physical and psychological separation from the learner - Several "buffers" distanced the subject from the pain that he was inflicting on the learner. It can happen in various situations such as sexual assault. 18;21;22;25;26;27;29;30;31;33;36;37;41;42;47;52;55;57;58;62;64;67;69;71;72;73;74;76;7718 ; 21 ; 22 ; 25 ; 26 ; 27 ; 29 ; 30 ; 31 ; 33 ; 36 ; 37 ; 41 ; 42 ; 47 ; 52 ; 55 ; 57 ; 58 ; 62 ; 64 ; 67 ; 69 ; 71 ; 72 ; 73 ; 74 ; 76 ; 77 Culture affects conformity in that it is generally higher in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. As children we are bombarded with the message that "beauty is good," and as result of such cultural conditioning, most people have an implicit personality theory that associates physical attractiveness with a wide range of desirable characteristics. The fundamental attribution error plays a role in a common explanatory pattern called blaming the victim. In effect, you're jumping to conclusions about another person on the basis of very limited information which is wrong even though it is the natural thing to do. In other words, we behave according to the situation we are in. a strong need to believe . The experimenter said,The experiment requires that you continue.. c. The responsibility to intervene is shared (or diffused) among all the onlookers. Balkan Blue Lightning Unit Removed, People who feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate are more likely to help others, (2) Feeling guilty. A ) the self - serving bias . What is the difference between gerrymandering and Redistricting? The fan may say, "I knew that was a bad play." consistancy hindsight bias. . systematically slaughter millions of innocent Jews. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all of the options one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding an option if it doesn't meet that criterion, is called the _____ model. In other words, once an event ha5 occurred, we are 0 out of 1 points A ) self - serving bias ; self - effacing bias. Solomon Asch posed a question on conformity: Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong? This can lead to excessive trading, excessive risk-taking, and ultimately, suboptimal investment outcomes.. Perhaps tension between racial groups might decrease if cooperation replaced competition. Explain the role of the fundamental attribution error and hindsight bias as it relates to people's tendency to "blame the victim" and how this relates to the just-world hypothesis. People have a strong tendency to perceive others in terms of two very basic social categories: "us" and "them." 12.The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes is called: A) the self-serving bias.B) the fundamental attribution error. When Eileen told her father that someone had stolen her new cell phone at school,he said that she should have known better than to take her phone to school. after an event has occurred, there is a tendency to overestimate the ability to have predicted the outcome Attitudes learned tendency to evaluate objects, people, or issues in a particular way b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. Define obedience, and explain the results of Milgram's obedience experiments: Obedience is the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command. Explicit Cognition refer to deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning of other people. PSYC 1101 CH 12 Flashcards | Quizlet The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called: Social psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on a broad range of topics. consistancy hindsight bias. What is implied by stimulus generalization? When prejudice is displayed behaviorally it is called: answer attitude People who know the outcome of an event tend to overestimate their own prior knowledge or others' nave knowledge of the event. If you can easily rationalize your behavior to make it consistent with your attitude, then any dissonance you might experience can be quickly and easily resolved. The tendency after an event has occurred to. Hindsight bias: the tendency, after an event has occurred, to unjustifiably see the event as having been predictable. Because no one person feels all the pressure to respond, each bystander becomes less likely to help. Illusion of control: the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events. It was bound to happen, he said. In other words, the more attractive = the more benefits you receive in life. The tendency, after an event has occurred to think the outcome was predictable. Milgram's first obedience study was conducted with 40 male subjects. Hindsight bias - Wikipedia The tendency to focus on evidence that supports our beliefs, and ignore evidence that inconsistent with our beliefs Confirmation bias V Availability heuristic 3. The Iraqi prisoners were of a different culture, ethnic group, and religion than the prison guards, none of whom spoke Arabic. actor-observer bias social norms [Critical Thinking]: Identify the social and psychological factors that contributed to abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib Prison. Then sketch the graph of f(t)f(t)f(t). To remove any doubts about the legitimacy of the shock generator in Milgram's obedience study, the: In Milgram's original obedience study, if the teacher protested that he wished to stop or that he was worried about the learner's safety, what did the experimenter do? 16 the tendency after an event has occurred to - Course Hero B) after an event has occurred to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Just-World hypothesis Believing that the world is just and the person deserved his or her fate. True or False, which of the following attitudes is associated with taking responsibility for your own pleasure? Research has confirmed that knowing what to do and being physically capable of helping contributes greatly to the decision to help someone else, and (6) A personalized relationship. Refers to feeing drawn to other people and having positive thoughts and feelings about them. They tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and / or legally based. Multiple elements combined to create the conditions for brutality, including in-group versus out-group thinking, negative stereotypes, dehumanization, and prejudice. However, putting someone in a social category on the basis of superficial information ignores that person's unique qualities. C) hindsight bias. All Rights Reserved. The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. First, the learner was in a separate room and not visible. The results? f(t)=1+2cos[3(t3)]. Hannah's interest most closely resembles an area of social psychology called: Dr. Krane studies questions such as why we conform to group norms, what compels us to obey authority figures, and the conditions under which people will help a stranger. The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: Yosser Hughes I'm Desperate Dan, "If you really loved me, you would be able to satisfy me sexually."d. He asked each group to predict how subjects would behave. But when the final grades in the course were curved and she received an A-, she concluded that she had a real talent and mental capacity for logical scientific thinking. However, when she went for a job interview she decided to wear a good tailored suit. This is referred to as: The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command is called: Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research, but he wanted to take Asch's research a step further and investigate a more important question. Such responses illustrate an attributional pattern called: the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. White Hennessy In Atlanta, D) scapegoating. Sherif successfully demonstrated how hostility between groups could be created and, more important, how that hostility could be overcome.
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